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THE TRAGEDIES IN
ALDGATE
AND WHITECHAPEL
—♦—
REWARDS BY THE
CITY POLICE, VOLUNTEERS
AND CITIZENS.
—–
THE HOME SECRETARY’S
REPLY
—–
Two whole days and nights have passed away in eager search and feverish popular agitation since the bodies of the two women murdered early on Sunday morning were discovered in the respective places where they had fallen victims to the inhuman bloodthirstiness of a ruthless assassin. Not the least clue, however, of any practical value has been obtained to the personality or whereabouts of the miscreant who has committed these appalling crimes; nor has either of the corpses been conclusively identified. An imposing force of policeman and detectives has been told off to guard and watch the district in which these horrors have taken place; but nothing apparently likely to lead to the detection of the criminal has resulted from the measure hitherto taken by the Executive, or from the inquiry instituted into the Berner-street murder by the East Middlesex coroner and jury. A dark opaque cloud of mystery still conceals the guiltiest wretch in London from the sight of the innumerable eyes peering in every direction, night and day, whithersoever it is deemed probable or possible that he may be hidden. The regular, legally-constitute machinery set in motion to the end of discovering the assassin has searched for him, we do not doubt, to the full extent of its powers, and with entire lack of success. The irregular, self-constituted bodies that have undertaken the difficult enterprise of hunting him down have, until now, confined their efforts to protesting against the inactivity of the Home Secretary, and to collecting subscriptions wherewith to get together a substantial money reward for the arrest of the unknown malefactor. Interpreted by the light of Western experiences in the United States, a Vigilance Committee would mean an association of determined citizens, dissatisfied with existing laws, and audaciously disregardful of them. The very title conveys to our mind house visitation, arbitrary arrest, rough and ready justice achieved by all manner of illegal proceedings. What, however, can a London Vigilance Committee by expected to do save to make indignant speeches and sedulously go round with the hat? Were any of its members to attempt to enforce their self-bestowed right of search by entering a private dwelling without its tenant’s leave, and subjecting any of its occupants to examination or detention, that Vigilance Committee would assuredly have reason to rue its unstatutory boldness. It would be as idle to hope that the Whitechapel homicide will be brought to light by the action of any number of local so-called “Vigilance Committees” as to look for his discovery to the “unerring instinct” of thoroughbred bloodhounds, “laid on” to a fugitive who has left neither track nor trail behind him, and of whom no one, in or out of authority, possesses the least belonging, or ever the faintest material evidence that he exists in the flesh at all. Bloodhounds will follow, by scent, any one they know, or the blood-trail of a person they have never seen, or the foot-track of a negro, whose scent is as strong and distinct to their keen olfactory organs as that of a fox or a deer. They cannot, however, in London streets – betrodden by countless thousands of human beings daily – hunt by nose one of those thousands, be he tenfold a murderer, unless they have a special knowledge of him, or are brought into contact with some article of his clothing, recently worn. Even then, they could only follow him if laid on his track from the spot at which he must have been present to commit his crime, and that immediately after his flight, ere the track could be crossed, and the scent broken, by dozens of casual passengers traversing it at different points.
No, we cannot in the least count upon Vigilance Committees or bloodhounds to unearth the perpetrator of the Whitechapel murders from his lair and bring him to justice, whether of the kind administered by the law of the land or of Judge Lynch. All we can rely upon are the ordinary means of detection and arrest disposed of by the authorities whom we have set over us; and we may be permitted to deplore the fact that, in this horrible emergency, as in many another belonging to the past, they have proved lamentably inefficient. Our Detective Department is utterly unequal to deal with criminals of more than average ingenuity, and is, moreover, fettered by all sorts of restrictions and restraints from which the secret police of other countries is absolutely free. Our Home Secretary is a perverse and stubborn official who, having made up his mind to do nothing whatsoever that may tend towards the discovery of the Whitechapel murderer, sticks to his resolve with immovable stolidity, deaf to argument, exhortation, and persuasion. Large sums of money are forwarded to him that he may be enabled, without drawing upon the State Treasury for a sixpence, to offer a reward in the name of the Government for the arrest of this mysterious woman-slayer, he calmly returns them to their senders, not being “of opinion that the offer of a reward in these cases would have been attended by any useful result”. Such is the attitude taken up toward the aggrieved and indignant population of this mighty metropolis by the Minister entrusted by her Majesty with the momentous duty of protecting her loyal subjects’ lives and property from attack and injury!
As we have already regretfully observed, nothing new of any grave import transpired in the course of yesterday with relation to the hideous tragedies of Berner-street and Mitre-square. A portion of the apron worn by the unfortunate woman done to death in the latter locality was picked up at a distance therefrom of 500 yards, in the direction of the scene of the first murder. This is an indication that the assassin, after completing his second butchery, retraced his steps for a little more than a third of a mile; but it affords no clue to his subsequent itinerary, for, having dropped the tatter of bloodstained apron within hail of Berner-street, he vanished as completely as though the earth had swallowed him up. Yesterday was a day of rumours and arrests; the rumours all proved unfounded on fact, and the arrested persons, having satisfactorily proved their innocence, were all liberated. The only steps of potential efficacy taken toward plucking out the heart of this ghastly mystery were those due to the Corporation of the City of London, which offers a reward of £500 for “such information as shall lead to the discovery and conviction of the murderer or murderers”‘; to Colonel Kirby and the officers of the Tower Hamlets Engineers, who have generously subscribed £100 for the same purpose, and have offered the services of fifty of their men to assist the police in the persecuted district; and to other public-spirited gentlemen, including Mr. Montague, M.P., who have made up a sum of about £400, also offered as a reward, £300 of which have been tendered as above to Mr. Matthews, and by him rejected. Nearly £1,000 now, therefore, awaits acceptance at the hands of any man or woman who, knowing where the assassin is to be found, will disclose his place of concealment to the authorities; and it may he hoped that so great a temptation will prove irresistible to his accomplices or harbourers, if indeed he stand “within the danger” of any such.
The inquest on the body of the woman slaughtered in Mitre-square will be held in Golden-lane on Thursday next, by Mr. Langham, the City Coroner, and a jury of London citizens.
The Commissioner of the City Police (Colonel Sir James Fraser) has decided to offer a reward of £500 for the detection of the murderer of the woman found in Mitre-square, which is within the City boundaries. This determination was arrived at yesterday, after consultation among the City authorities, and the placards containing the announcement will be immeidately issued. It will be remembered that a reward of £300 was offered by Mr. Samuel Montague, M.P., for the detection of the
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perpetrator of the Whitechapel outrages. This still remains open, while other sums have been subscribed in the locality. The decision of the City authorities therefore brings the total reward now offered to over £1,000, despite the fact that the Home Secretary has declined to take any steps in the same direction. The terms of the reward offered by the City Police are set forth in the subjoined:
TO THE EDITOR OF “THE DAILY TELEGRAPH”
Sir – I beg to enclose you a copy of bills about to be issued, offering a reward of £500 in this case. – I am, Sir, your obedient servant, JAS. McWILLIAM, Inspector. City of London Police, Detective Department, 26, Old Jewry, E.C., Oct 1.
“MURDER – £500 Reward – Whereas, at 1.45 a.m. on Sunday, Sept. 30 last, a woman, named unknown, was found brutally murdered in Mitre-square, Aldgate, in this City, a reward of £500 will be paid by the Commissioner of Police of the City of London, to any person (other than a person belonging to a police-force in the United Kingdom) who shall give such information as shall lead to the discovery and conviction of the murderer or murderers. Information to be given to the Inspector of the Detective Department, 26, Old Jewry, or at any police-station. JAMES FRASER, Colonel, Commissioner, City of London Police-office, 26, Old Jewry, Oct 1”
Colonel Sir Alfre Kirby, J. P., the officer commanding the Tower Hamlets Battalion Royal Engineers, has offered “on behalf of his officers, a reward of £100, to be paid to any on who shall give information that would lead to the discovery and conviction of the perpetrator or perpetrators of the recent diabolical murders committed in the district in which his regiment is situated.” Sir Alfred Kirby is also willing to place the service of not more than fifty members of his corps at the disposal of the authorities, to be utilized in assisting them in any way they may consider desirable at this juncture, either for the protection of the public or finding out the criminals. Of course the volunteers will have to be made use of as citizens, and not in a quasi-military capacity.
Acknowledging a letter sent on behalf of persons desirous of offering a reward for the discovery of the perpetrator of the recent East-end murders, the following answer has been received from the Home Secretary:
“Oct 1, 1888 – My Dear Sir – I am directed by Mr. Matthews to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of this date, containing a cheque for £300, which you say has been contributed on behalf of several readers of the Financial News, and which you are desirous should be offered as a reward for the discovery of the recent murders of the East-end of London.
“If Mr. Matthews has been of opinion that the offer of a reward in these cases would have been attended by any useful result he would himself have at once made such an offer, but he is not of that opinion.
“Under these circumstances I am directed to return you the cheque (which I enclose), and to thank you and the gentlemen whose names you have forwarded for the liberality of their offer, which Mr. Matthews much regrets he is unable to accept. – I am, Sir, your very obedient servant, E. Leigh Pemberton – Harry H. Marks, Esq”
Mr. L. H. Phillips has given notice that at Thursday’s Court of Common Council he will ask that a reward of £250 shall be given to any person who can assist in finding out the perpetrator of the East-end murders.
THE ALDGATE MURDER
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THE WHITECHAPEL CRIME
So far the identity of the criminal who committed the murder in the courtyard of the International Working Men’s Constitutional Club is concerned, the Whitechapel mystery remains in exactly the same state as on Sunday. Detectives have been drafted into the district from Scotland-yard, and additional constables from other divisions of the metropolitan area sent to augment the numbers in the East-end, but neither the old nor the new men have been able to elucidate a single fact likely to direct them to a capture of importance. In lieu of this, they have been able to arrest several persons of more or less suspicious appearance, who, after due examination, have given such explanations of their antecedents and occupations as to satisfy the officers that they have had nothing to do with the outrages. Detective-Inspector Reid, who has charge of the case, has had a great deal of information volunteered to him by women of the class to which the victims belonged regarding men whom they allege to have threatened them with death. Each informant is firmly convinced that the man she saw was the Unknown, who is now so keenly searched for, but as the description varies in each case it is quite plain that they cannot refer to the same person. According to one he is a thick-set, close-shaven man, with a short coat and dark trousers; another states that he is a pretty tall man, with short dark whiskers and beard; a third speaks of him as shortish, with light whiskers; sometimes he wear a dark ulster, and at others a checked one; now he is well-dressed, and again shabby-genteel; and altogether the descriptions given are so confusing
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that they afford no guide to any officer. It would seem that in Whitechapel, Stepney, and Spitalfields there are several petty ruffians who levy blackmail upon these women under threats of mutilation, and, after parting with any sum they may possess, the wretched females tell either a constable or some of their neighbors that they have had a narrow escape from the murderer, and give a description of him. Fragmentary stories of this kind form the major portion of the information the police have to work up, the criminal himself having left nothing behind to assist in his identification. Up to the present about half-a-dozen people have been arrested and released. As we intimated yesterday, the man who was questioned in a Southwark lodging-house on Sunday was not even taken into custody. Early yesterday morning a constable noticed a stranger in Commerical-road whose appearance and evident desire to avoid notice was suspicious. The constable spoke to him, and received what he deemed unsatisfactory answers, took the person to Leman-street Police-station, where he gave his name and address, and furnished ample particulars about himself. These were found to be accurate, and he was accordingly released. Another man was apprehended at Norwood, the incriminating symptoms about him being several scratches on his face, but these he accounted for domestically, and he also was released from suspicion. It is stated that two men were arrested early yesterday near the Commerical-road, but their detention was only temporary, their explanations exonerating them from any suspicion of complicity in the crime. In addition to these a man was, later in the day, brought to the Leman-street Police-station by a constable who found him prowling about not far from Mitre-street. His face was haggard, and he seemed unable to give any account of himself. Upon him were found 1s 4 1/2 d in money and a razor, and round his throat was a woollen scarf of a violet colour, upon which were several long hairs, supposed to be those of a woman. At the station he said, in reply to the inspector, that he had walked from Southampton, and belonged to the Royal Sussex Regiment. An examination of his boots was not confirmatory of his statement about his travels, and he was detained that inquiries might be made. No blood was found upon his clothes, nor any weapon likely to have inflicted the wounds. No importance is attached to this arrest, and the man has since been liberated. The only curious thing about this incident is that the mark of the Royal Sussex Regiment, to which he said he bleonged, was upon the torn envelope found on the body of the Hanbury-street victim, Annie Chapman. Still another arrest was made of a remarkable character. In consequence of these East-end crimes a reporter in Bow determined to play the part of an amateur detective, and he accordingly dressed himself in female attire of a shabby material, in order to look as much as possible like one of the creatures whom the Unknown selects for vengeance. Thus habited, he left his home at midnight. After loitering about shady streets for some hours, and passing wayfarers and detectives without drawing upon himself their particular observation, he made his way into Whitechapel. Here his masculine stride attracted the notice of Police-constable Ludwig, who accosted him with the words, “Stop. Are you not a man? I can see that you are.” The amateur detective admitted that he was, and the constable then asked, “Are you one of us?” The masquerader replied that he had no connection whatever with Scotland yard, and attempted to explain that he had assumed the disguise in his search for news of the murder. Police-constable Ludwig informed him that he would have to go with him to the police-station, and make that explanation to a superior officer. The two accordingly walked together to Leman-street Police-station, where the reporter unfolded his plot to the inspector, who replied that, under the peculiar circumstances, he was sorry he would have a detain him until inquiries were made. A real detective was put upon th eantcedents of the amateur one, and as the explanations of the latter were found to be authentic, he was, after an hour and a half’s detention, released to resumed his proper habiliments. These completed the arrests of yesterday, and, as stated at the outset, they leave the mystery exactly where it was on Sunday.
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THE INQUEST
Yesterday, at the Vestry Hall in Cable-street, St. George-in-the-East, Mr. Wynne E. Baxter, coroner of East Middlesex, opened an inquest on the body of the woman who was found dead, with her throat cut, at one o’clock on Sunday morning, in Berner-street, Commercial-road East. At the outset of the inquiry the deceased was described as Elizabeth Stride, but it subsequently transpired that she had not yet been really identified. A jury of twenty-four having been empanelled, they proceeded to view the body at the St. George’s Mortuary.
Detective-Inspector Reid, H Division, watched the case on behalf of the police.
William Wess, who affirmed instead of being sworn, was the first witness examined, and, in reply to the coroner, he said: I reside at No.2, William-street, Canon-street-road, and am overseer in the printing office attached to No. 40, Berner-street, Commercial-road, which premises are in the occupation of the International Working Men’s Education Society, whose club is carried on there. On the ground floor of the club is a room, the door and window of which face the street. At the rear of this is the kitchen, whilst the first floor consists of a large room which is used for our meetings and entertainments, I being a member of the club. At the south side of the premises is a courtyard, to which entrance can be obtained through a double door, in one section of which is a smaller one, which is used when the larger barriers are closed. The large doors are generally closed at night, but sometimes remain open. On the left side of the yard is a house, which is divided into three tenements, and occupied, I believe, by that number of families. At the end is a store or workshop belonging to Messrs. Hindley and Co., sack manufacturers. I do not know that a way out exists there. The club premises and the printing-office occupy the entire length of the yard on the right side. Returning to the club-house, the front room on the ground floor is used for meals. In the kitchen is a window which faces the opening into the yard. The intervening passage is illuminated by means of fanlight over the door. The printing-office, which does not communicate with the club, consists of two rooms, one for compositors and the other for the editor. On Saturday the compositors finished their labours at two o’clock in the afternoon. The editor concluded earlier, but remained at the place until the discovery of the murder.
How many members are there in the club? – From seventy-five to eighty. Working men of any nationality can join.
Is any political qualification required for members? – It is a political – a Socialist – club.
Do the members have to agree with any particular principles? – A candidate is proposed by one member and seconded by another, and a member would not nominate a candidate unless he knew that he was a supporter of Socialist principles. On Saturday last I was in the printing-office during the day and in the club during the evening. From nine to half-past ten at night I was away seeing an English friend home, but I was in the club again till a quarter-past midnight. A discussion was proceeding in the lecture-room, which has three windows overlooking the courtyard. From ninety to 100 persons attended the discussion, which terminated soon after half-past eleven, when the bulk of the members left, using the street door, the most convenient exit. From twenty to thirty members remained, some staying in the lecture-room and the others going downstairs. Of those upstairs a few continued the discussion, while the rest were singing. The windows of the lecture-room were partly open.
How do you know that you finally left at a quarter-past twelve o’clock? – Because of the time when I reached my lodgings. Before leaving I went into the yard, and thence to the printing-office, in order to leave some literature there, and on returning to the yard I observed that the double door at the entrance was open. There is no lamp in the yard, and none of the street lamps light it, so that the yard is only lit by the lights through the windows at the side of the club of the tenements opposite. As to the tenements, I only observed lights in two first-floor windows. There was also a light in the printing-office, the editor being in his room reading.
Was there much noise in the club? – Not exactly much noise; but I could hear the singing when I was in the yard.
Did you look towards the yard gates? – Not so much to the gates as to the ground, but nothing unusual attracted my attention.
Can you say that there was no object on the ground? – I could not say that.
Do you think it possible that anything can have been there without your observing it? – It was dark, and I am a little shortsighted, so that it is possible. The distance from the gates to the kitchen door is 18ft.
What made you look towards the gates at all? – Simply because they were open. I went into the club, and called my brother, and we left together by the front door.
On leaving did you see anybody as you passed the yard? – No.
Or did you meet any one in the street? – Not that I recollect. I generally go home between twelve and one o’clock.
Do low women frequent Berner-street? – I have seen
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men and women standing about and talking to each other in Fairclough-street.
But have you observed them nearer the club? – No.
Or in the club yard? – I did once, at eleven o’clock at night, about a year ago. They were chattering near the gates. That is the only time I have noticed such a thing, nor have I heard of it.
Morris Eagle, who also affirmed, said: I live at No. 4, New-road, Commercial-road, and travel in jewellery. I am a member of the International Workmen’s Club, which meets at 40, Berner-street. I was there on Saturday, several times during the day, and was in the chair during the discussion in the evening. After the discussion, between half-past eleven and a quarter to twelve o’clock, I left the club to take my young lady home, going out through the front door. I returned about twenty minutes to one. I tried the front door, but, finding it closed, I went through the gateway into the yard, reaching the club in that way.
Did you notice anything lying on the ground near the gates? – I did not.
Did you pass in the middle of the gateway? – I think so. The gateway is 9ft 2in wide. I naturally walked on the right side, that being the side on which the club door was.
Do you think you are able to say that the deceased was not lying there then? – I do not know, I am sure, because it was rather dark. There was a light from the upper part of the club, but that would not throw any illumination upon the ground. It was dark near the gates.
You have formed no opinion, I take it, then, as to whether there was anything there? – No.
Did you see anyone about in Berner-street? – I dare say I did, but I do not remember them.
Did you observe any one in the yard? – I do not remember that I did.
If there had been a man and woman there you would have remembered the circumstances? – Yes; I am sure of that.
Did you notice whether there were any lights in the tenements opposite the club? – I do not recollect.
Are you often at the club late at night? – Yes, very often.
In the yard, too? – No, not in the yard.
And you have never seen a man and woman there? – No, not in the yard; but I have close by, outside the beershop, at the corner of Fairclough-street. As soon as I entered the gateway on Saturday night I could hear a friend of mine singing in the upstairs room of the club. I went up to him. He was singing in the Russian language, and we sang together. I had been there twenty minutes when a member named Gidleman came upstairs, and said “there is a woman dead in the yard.” I went down in a second and struck a match, when I saw a woman lying on the ground in a pool of blood, near the gates. Her feet were towards the gates, about six or seven feet from them. She was lying by the side of and facing the club wall. When I reached the body and struck the match another member was present.
Did you touch the body? – No. As soon as I struck the match I perceived a lot of blood, and I ran away and called the police.
Were the clothes of the deceased disturbed? – I cannot say. I ran towards the Commercial-road, Dienishitz, the club steward, and another member going in the opposite direction down Fairclough-street. In Commercial-road I found two constables at the corner of Grove-street. I told them that a woman had been murdered in Berner-street, and they returned with me.
Was any one in the yard then? – Yes, a few persons – some members of the club and some strangers. One of the policeman turned his lamp on the deceased and sent me to the station for the inspector, at the same time telling his comrade to fetch a doctor. The onlookers seemed afraid to go near and touch the body. The constable, however, felt it.
Can you fix the time when the discovery was first made? – It must have been about one o’clock. On Saturday nights there is free discussion at the club, and among those present last Saturday were about half a dozen women, but they were those we knew – not strangers. It was not a dancing night, but a few members may have danced after the discussion.
If there was dancing and singing in the club you would not hear the cry of a woman in the yard? – It would depend upon the cry.
The cry of a woman in great distress – a cry of “Murder”? Yes, I should have heard that.
Lewis Dienshitz, having affirmed, deposed: I reside at No. 40, Berner-street, and am steward of the International Workmen’s Club. I am married, and my wife lived at the club too, and assists in the management. On Saturday I left home about half-past eleven in the morning, and returned exactly at one o’clock on Sunday morning. I noticed the time at the baker’s shop at the corner of Berner-street. I had been to the market near the Crystal Palace, and had a barrow like a coster-monger’s, drawn by a pony, which I keep in George-yard, Cable-street. I drove home to leave my goods. I drove into the yard, both gates being wide open. It was rather dark there. All at once my pond shied at some object on the right. I looked to see what the object was, and observed that there was something unusual, but could not tell what. It was a dark object. I put my whip handle to it, and tried to lift it up, but as I did not succeed I jumped down from my barrow and struck a match. It was rather windy, and I could only get sufficient light to see that there was some figure there. I could tell from the dress that it was the figure of a woman.
You did not disturb it? – No. I went into the club and asked where my wife was. I found her in the front room on the ground floor.
What did you do with the pony? – I left it in the yard by itself, just outside the club door. There were several members in the front room of the club, and I told them all that there was a woman lying in the yard, though I could not say whether she was drunk or dead. I then got a candle and went into the yard, where I could see blood before I reached the body.
Did you touch the body? – No, I ran off at once for the police. I could not find a constable in the direction which I took, so I shouted out “Police!” as loudly as I could. A man whom I met in Grove-street returned with me, and when we reached the yard he took hold of the head of the deceased. As he lifted it up I saw the wound in the throat.
Had the constables arrived then? – At the very same moment Eagle and the constables arrived.
Did you notice anything unusual when you were approaching the club? – No.
You saw nothing suspicious? – Not at all.
How soon afterwards did a doctor arrive? – About twenty minutes after the constables came up. No one was allowed by the police to leave the club until they were searched, and then they had to give their names and addresses.
Did you notice whether the clothes of the deceased were in order? – They were in perfect order.
How was shy lying? – On her left side, with her face toward the club wall.
Was the whole of the body resting on the side? – No, I should say only the face. I cannot say how much of the body was sideways. I did not notice what position her hands were in, but when the police came I observed that her bodice was unbuttoned near the neck. The doctor said the body was quite warm.
What quantity of blood should you think had flowed from the body? – I should say quite two quarts.
In what direction had it run? – Up the yard from the street. The body was about one foot from the club wall. The gutter of the yard is paved with large stones, and the centre with smaller irregular stones.
Have you ever seen men and women together in the yard? – Never.
Nor heard of such a thing? – No.
A Juror: Could you in going up the yard have passed the body without touching it? – Oh, yes.
Any person going up the centre of the yard might have passed without noticing it? – I, perhaps, should not have noticed it if my pony had not shied. I had passed it when I got down from my barrow.
How far did the blood run? – As far as the kitchen door of the club.
Was any person left with the body while you ran for the police? – Some members of the club remained; at all events, when I came back they were there. I cannot say whether any of them touched the body.
Inspector Reid (interposing): When the murder was discovered the members of the club were detained on the premises, and I searched them, while Dr. Phillips examined them.
A Juror: Was it possible for anybody to leave the yard between the discovery of the body and the arrival of the police?
Witness: Oh, yes – or, rather, it would have been possible before I informed the members of the club, not afterwards.
When you entered the yard, if any person had run out you would have seen them in the dark? – Oh, yes, it was light enough for that. It was dark in the gateway, but not so dark further in the yard.
The Coroner: The body has not yet been identified? – Not yet.
The Foreman: I do not quite understand that. I thought the inquest had been opened on the body of one Elizabeth Stride.
The Coroner: That was a mistake. Something is known of the deceased, btu she has not been fully identified. It would be better at present to describe her as a woman unknown. She has been partially identified. It is known where she lived. It was thought at the beginning of the inquest that she had been identified by a relative, but that turns out to have been a mistake.
The inquiry was then adjourned till this (Tuesday) afternoon, at two o’clock.
